Stormstown: A Brief History

The village that is now called Stormstown was located on one of the area’s earliest roads. Laid out in 1791-92, the road served as a main route for the shipment of Centre County iron west to Pittsburgh. First settler Abraham Elder’s tavern, on the east end of the village, was a stopping place for iron haulers. In 1812 David Storm recorded a plat of 30 lots, plus a school lot, that he named Walkerville, on the west side of present-day Municipal Lane in the middle of Stormstown. The origin of the Walker connection has not yet been tracked down. Some twenty years after Walkerville was established, Caleb Way slowly started selling off lots between Walkerville and the former site of Elder’ tavern, in an area that was briefly called Wayville. Eventually, by the time of the Civil War, the whole area was called Stormstown. The enterprises of the village included a gristmill, sawmill, distillery, tannery, wagon maker, and several craftsmen’s shops – blacksmith, weaver, potter, and chairmaker.

On April 7, 1867, an Easter fire destroyed twenty-six buildings, many of which were never rebuilt. The fire started in George Matters house and in less than three hours, the entire portion of the town lying between the Port Matilda Road and Capt. Hunter’s residence, 2/3 of Stormstown was destroyed by fire. In addition to these losses, all the stables and outhouses on the south side of the street and east of the road to Pine Grove Mills were destroyed.

Forgotten Technology: Key Punch Cards

IBM 029 Keypunch Machine

In 1975, I began my first class in computer programming. The programming language we used was ForTran (formula translation). We wrote our programs with IBM 029 keypunch machines.

Hollerith Keypunch Card. This card was punched in 1978 in Hammond Building at Penn State University.

Code was punched on Hollerith cards. Up to 80 characters could be punched per card. The first 5 columns was for statement numbers. If a C was punched in the first column, what followed was a comment line. Column 6 was reserved for a continuation character for statements longer than could be punched on one card. Columns 7-72 was reserved for the ForTran statement. The last 8 columns were reserved for the card number.

IBM 029 Keyboard

A stack of blank cards were placed in the right hopper. The AUTO FEED switch was set to ON, and then the FEED key was pressed twice twice to bring two cards down from the hopper. The first card was automatically registered to the punch station when the second card came down. A programming statement was then punched. The code was also printed at the top of the card. After punching a card, the REL key was pressed. The card moved to the output hopper on the left, the next card is registered at the punch station, and a new card comes down from the right hopper. When the last card was punched, the CLEAR switch was used to clear all the cards from the feed path and into the stacker.

Wise progammers would number their cards, using columns 73-80, in case a stack was accidentally dropped. Another trick was to use a marker to make a diagonal line acroos the stack from front to back. That made it easy to spot cards that were out of place in the stack.

The stack was then placed in a card reader for execution. A nearby printer would then print out the results. The program would be printed along with the program output. If successful, the execution output would be printed. Otherwise, there would be a printout of execution errors or compiling errors. The programmer would then punch replacement cards to fix the bugs and place them in the stack to try again.

Forgotten Technology: The Sling Psychrometer

My personal sling psychrometer obtained in the mid 1970s.

Before electronic hygrometers became widely available, one of the primary instruments used to measure atmospheric humidity was the sling psychrometer.

James Hutton was the first to discover that a thermometer moistened by water will show a cooler temperature than a dry thermometer when exposed to the wind. Psychrometric equations were later developed and refined during the 19th Century.

The sling psychometer consists of two thermometers mounted side by side on a frame. One thermometer is kept dry and measures the ambient air temperature; this is known as the dry-bulb thermometer. The other thermometer has its bulb wrapped in a cotton wick that is saturated with distilled water. This is the wet-bulb thermometer.

The frame is attached to a handle with a swivel joint, allowing the thermometers to be rapidly swung through the air. As air passes over the wet wick, evaporation occurs, causing the temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer to decrease. The amount of cooling depends on the moisture content of the air. Drier air promotes more evaporation and produces a larger temperature difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb readings, while humid air results in less cooling.

After the instrument has been spun for a sufficient period, the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures are quickly recorded. Using psychrometric tables or charts, these readings can then be used to determine the relative humidity, absolute humidity, or dew point temperature.

Although modern electronic sensors have largely replaced sling psychrometers, the instrument remains an important teaching tool and a reliable reference standard for humidity measurements.

Forgotten Technology: The Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder

Before electronic and digital sunshine sensors became available, daily sunshine duration was measured using the Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder.

The first sunshine recorder was invented by John Francis Campbell in 1853 and later refined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1879. Campbell’s original design used a water-filled glass sphere that focused the Sun’s rays onto a wooden surface. The instrument was carefully aligned for the local latitude and the ecliptic so that the time scale corresponded with solar time. The water-filled sphere was later replaced with a solid glass sphere, but the repeated scorch marks on the wooden surface made the original design impractical.

To improve the instrument, a specially designed photosensitive card was introduced. The glass sphere concentrated the Sun’s rays onto the card, burning a hole when the sunlight was sufficiently intense and leaving only a scorch mark under weaker conditions. As the Sun moved across the sky, the burn or scorch trace progressed across the card, creating a record of the day’s sunshine. At the end of the day, the card was removed and examined. The length of the burn trace was measured to determine the duration of bright sunshine, while the appearance of the marks provided a rough indication of solar intensity.

Although the Campbell–Stokes recorder was a significant advance for its time and served as the international standard for many decades, it had several limitations. The Sun’s rays at sunrise and sunset were often too weak to burn the card, causing sunshine during those periods to go unrecorded. Intermittent sunshine produced broken or faint burn traces that required subjective interpretation, leading to inconsistencies between observers. In addition, rain could damage the recording card, while frost, ice, snow, or condensation on the glass sphere could reduce its ability to focus sunlight accurately, resulting in measurement errors.

July 2026 Weather Summary

July was 0.5 deg F above normal for temperature. The first 4 days of July had highs exceeding 90 F. The high for the month was 95.1 deg. F recorded on July 2. The low for the month was 46.5 deg F, recorded on July 23. There were 26 heating degree days and 265 cooling degree days.

July was an above-normal month for precipitation with 7.12 inches of rainfall recorded, which was 3.33 inches above normal. The maximum rainfall in a single day was 2.45 inches, recorded on July 6. There were 9 days of rain >.01 in, 7 >.10 in, and 3 >1 in.

High wind speed of 29 mph on July 4.

July 2026 Data

From July 15 to July 19, smoke from wildfires in Ontario, Canada, and northern Minnesota affected our area. The chart below shows the air quality index (AQI) and the particulate density for 1, 2.5, and 10 microns.

June 2026 Weather Summary

June was 0.2 deg F below normal for temperature. The high for the month was 91 deg. F was recorded on June 11. The low for the month was 42 deg F, recorded on June 2. There were 75 heating degree days and 162 cooling degree days. There was 1 day that was greater than or equal to 90 deg F.

June was an above-normal month for precipitation with 4.65 inches of rainfall recorded, which was 0.56 inches above normal. The maximum rainfall in a single day was 1.43 inches, recorded on June 14. There were 15 days of rain >.01 in, 10 >.10 in, and 1 > 1 in.

High wind speed of 35 mph on June 11.

June 2026 Data

Summary of Spring 2026

Meteorological Spring is officially over. Here is a brief summary of March 1 – May 31, 2026, in Stormstown, PA:

Number of Days Max T <= 32 F: 1
Number of Days Min T <= 32 F: 22
Max T: 90.8 F – May 18, 2026
Min T: 10.7 F – March 18, 2026

Mar Dep from Normal: 7.5 F
Apr Dep from Normal: 5.0 F
May Dep from Normal: -2.1 F

Heating Degree Days: 1320
Cooling Degree Days: 136

Mar Precip: 4.82″, 1.44″ above normal
Apr Precip: 4.45, 0.94″ above normal
May Precip: 4.21″, 0.57″ above normal

May 2026 Weather Summary

May was 2.1 deg F below normal for temperature. The high for the month was 90.8 F, recorded on May 18. The low for the month was 29.4 F, recorded on May 1. There were 2 days at or below 32 F and 1 day at or greater than 90 F. The last freeze of the season was on May 12. There were 293 heating degree days and 69 cooling degree days.

May was an above-normal month for precipitation with 4.21 inches of rainfall recorded, which was 0.57 inches above normal. The maximum rainfall in a single day was 1.09 inches, recorded on May 23. There were 17 days of rain >.01 in, 13 >.10 in, and 1 > 1 in.

The high wind speed for the month was 38 mph on May 7.

May 2026 Data

April 2026 Weather Summary

April was 5.0 F above normal for temperature. The high for the month was 85.0 F, recorded on April 16. The low for the month was 19.7 F, recorded on April 8. There were 4 days at or below 32 F. There were 372 heating degree days and 51 cooling degree days.

April was an above-normal month for precipitation with 4.45 inches of rainfall recorded, which was 0.94 inches above normal. The maximum rainfall in a single day was 0.80 inches, recorded on April 25. There were 18 days of rain >.01 in, 6 >.10 in, and 0 > 1 in.

High wind speed of 49 mph on April 29.

April 2026 Data

As of April 30, the total annual rainfall, 12.48″, was above normal for the year so far.

Drought update.

March 2026 Weather Summary

March was 7.4 deg F above normal for temperature. The high for the month was 82.9 deg. F, recorded on March 22. The low for the month was 10.7 deg F, recorded on March 18. There was 1 day where the maximum temperature was at or below 32 F, and there were 16 days where the minimum temperature was at or below 32 F. There were 665 heating degree days and 16 cooling degree days.

March was an above-normal month for precipitation, with 4.82 inches of rainfall recorded, 1.44 inches above normal. The maximum rainfall in a single day was 0.87 inches, recorded on March 5. There were 14 days of rain >.01 in, 10 >.10 in, and 0 > 1 in. There was 2.4″ of snow accumulation.

The highest recorded wind speed was 47 mph on March 13.

March 2026 Data